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Dear Friends,
Back in 2000, the nuclear power industry tried to obtain credits under the carbon trading schemes set up by the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) provisions.
NIRS and our partners WISE (World Information Service on Energy), working with many environmental groups from across the world, along with a little help from Al Gore, who seemingly had just been elected President of the United States, beat back the industry at the Kyoto Protocol’s COP6 meeting in The Hague in November 2000.
Now the nuclear industry is trying again–at the upcoming climate negotiations in Poznan, Poland, the industry is again seeking to become eligible for lucrative carbon trading credits. And again, NIRS, WISE and the world’s environmental and clean energy movements are gearing up to stop them.
YOU CAN HELP! The statement below will be distributed to the delegates at the Poznan climate meeting. Please join us and sign your organization on by sending your name, organization, city, state and country if outside the U.S. to nirsnet@nirs.org by noon, Eastern time, on Sunday, November 30. (Note: we are only taking organization signatures for now).
Thanks for all you do!
Michael Mariotte
Executive Director
Nuclear Information and Resource Service
Women in Europe for a Common Future
Greenpeace
International Forum on Globalization
World Information Service on Energy
Nuclear Information and Resource Service
Friends of the Earth International
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Nuclear Power Has No Place in the Kyoto Protocol
Financial Mechanisms:
It’s a Dangerous Obstacle to Climate Change Solutions
NGOs Call for Options to “Include Nuclear Activities”
in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
and Joint Implementation (JI) to be removed.
(From Agenda Item 3a of the Accra Conclusions of the
Ad-Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for
Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol:
Item I-D, Option 2 in the CDM and Item II-B, Option 2 in the JI)
Nuclear Power contradicts Clean Development
The nuclear industry is using the issue of climate change and energy supply as a vehicle to win political and financial support for its dirty and dying sector. Even a massive, four-fold expansion of nuclear power by 2050 would provide only marginal reductions (4%) in greenhouse gas emissions, when we need global emissions to peak at 2015 and 50 – 80% cuts by 2050.
Nuclear energy’s ‘contribution’ to fighting climate change would come too late (long after 2020), with huge costs (US$ 10 trillion) and would create a myriad of other serious hazards related to accidents, waste and proliferation. These large costs and negative impacts make nuclear energy an obstacle to the necessary development of effective, clean and affordable energy sources – both in developing and industrialised countries.
Activities related to nuclear power must not be allowed to become eligible for the Kyoto Protocol’s flexible mechanisms in order to avoid:
Undermining climate protection by wasting time and taking resources away from more effective and clean solutions;
Dumping this expensive and unsafe technology on developing countries who would be landed with the associated economic and environmental impacts (accumulation of massive financial debts, increased dependency on foreign fuel and technologies, increased risk from reactor accidents and contamination); and
Decreasing global security as volumes of nuclear waste with no safe methods of disposal increase massively and both nuclear materials and technologies are spread.
Nuclear power is not only expensive and slow to develop,
it would provide only a marginal contribution to carbon mitigation
The OECD International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 Blue Map scenario1 assesses what energy mix could achieve a 50% reduction in carbon emission by 2050. The agency assumes a four-fold increase of nuclear power generation, from today’s 2,600 TWh/year to 9,900 TWh/year in 2050. But this would only reduce CO2 emissions from the energy sector by 6% (around 4 % of overall greenhouse gases).
Even getting to this 6% would require unprecedented rates of growth, sustained over four decades. The nuclear industry would have to build an average of 32 large (1,000 MWe) nuclear reactors every year from now until 2050.
Compare this with the last decade’s average where the nuclear industry added 3000MW of new capacity a year. In the 1980′s, the decade of the industry’s fastest growth, it built an average of 17,000 MW a year2 – still only half the rate needed to realise the IEA’s Blue Map scenario. But the IEA believes we can build 32,000MW capacity every year from now to 2050.
Then there’s the cost. Moody’s3 currently estimates the investment cost for new reactors at
USD 7,500 USD/kW. Assuming this, the required 1,400 large new reactors would cost around
USD 10,500 billion – and this is only the upfront investment.
While nuclear power presents itself as the largest carbon free energy source, its potential role in carbon mitigation is very limited and is simply not worth taking, given all its risks and costs.
Nuclear energy’s massive problems and risks remain unsolved
Even today, running at one-tenth of the hypothetically required construction speed, the nuclear industry is struggling with serious problems and has hit many bottlenecks:
Massive technical problems and ever-rising costs have affected attempts to build new reactor units, for example both of the French EPR units – in Finland and France – have experienced years of delays and billions in cost overruns already.4
Capacity to produce reactor components is limited to only several pieces a year and are only produced by half a dozen corporations in a handful of countries.5
Shortages in uranium supplies to fuel the existing fleet of reactors; the annual consumption reached 69,000 tonnes of uranium in 2007, compared to an annual production of just 41,300 tonnes in 2007.6 The world’s proven and reasonably assured uranium resources would only be able to cover current consumption for a few decades and, as they deplete, carbon emissions from the nuclear fuel chain would rise significantly.7
A crunch for raw materials, because of the high demand for large volumes of steel and concrete.
Negative health effects of ionising radiation. Recently published peer-reviewed research found statistically high incidence of childhood leukaemia in the close vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany8 and the US9.
Dangerous impacts of uranium mining and milling threatens the lands, communities and health of Indigenous Peoples, many of whom (in Canada, the US, Africa, India and Australia, inter alia) continue to protest the extraction of uranium on or near their homelands and territories
Lack of qualified engineers, inspectors and personnel to safely manage and oversee operations at the current scale.
Long lead-times for projects. It takes 10 to 15 years, even in countries with developed related infrastructure, to plan, approve, site and build a new reactor, not to mention bringing it online. It would take even longer in countries that are just starting their nuclear programs.
No safe disposal method for radioactive wastes that reactors have already produced, despite decades of research and money spent. In the past five years, the estimated costs of radioactive waste disposal grew by USD 40 billion in United States10 and by GBP 27 billion in the United Kingdom,11 with no guarantees that safe storage, at the end of the day, is really possible.
Growing proliferation problems: As stockpiles of separated plutonium increase, nuclear technologies and materials spread to new countries. International safeguards are under-resourced and structurally weak. It is only a question of time before they become accessible to terrorist groups. One large reactor can produce 200 kgs of plutonium every year – enough for two dozen nuclear weapons.
All these factors raise additional scepticism about the actual potential of nuclear power
to really mitigate greenhouse gases on any useful scale and within a reasonable timeframe.
Nuclear power steals “time and money” that would be better invested in energy efficiency and renewable technologies
Expensive, dirty and hazardous nuclear power stands in the way of clean and sustainable solutions.
It could take USD10 trillion or more to build enough reactors to produce 9,900 TWh of “nuclear electricity” as projected under the International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008 “Blue Map” scenario. Building enough wind farms to produce the same amount of electricity, for example, would cost USD 6 trillion at current prices, for a savings of USD 4 trillion. And, these costs would decrease over time.
Wind power has no associated fuel costs and does not require expensive dismantling of its power plant at the end of its life and long term disposal of radioactive waste as is required in the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant. Other calculations show that, compared to nuclear, wind power at today’s costs replaces twice as much carbon per invested dollar and energy efficiency measures three to six times more.12
Even the IEA’s 2008 Blue Map scenario itself shows that, while massive nuclear expansion reduces carbon emissions from the energy sector by 6%, the potential of renewable energy sources is around four times greater, and the potential of energy efficiency six times greater. It is clear by these numbers which technology deserves the priority for investment.
Lastly is the issue of time. Energy efficiency measures can be implemented in months. A wind farm can be planned and built in one year. Nuclear reactors take one to two decades to plan and build.
Every dollar invested in nuclear power means a dollar less invested in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – sources that can not only replace several times more carbon for the same cost, but also achieve the desired carbon reduction more rapidly.
Renewable energy sources can easily provide power to remote areas with underdeveloped infrastructure and can be implemented quickly while supporting local job development.
In contrast, large nuclear power plants are often not compatible with established grids and infrastructure in developing countries. Various institutions have recently warned developing countries against unrealistic expectations from nuclear energy plans.
“You should go for it [renewable energy]. It is cheaper than investing in nuclear development.” 13
- Ferran Tarradellas Espuny, spokesman for the EU Energy Commissioner, speaking about
renewable energy projects in South East Asia.
“Nuclear energy is not the panacea for tackling global warming. Even if you set aside the problem of long-term waste storage and the danger of operator accident and the vulnerability to terrorist attack, you still have two others that are more difficult. The first problem is one of economics…..The second is nuclear weapons proliferation. For eight years when I was in the White House, every problem of weapons proliferation was connected to a reactor program.”
– Al Gore, Former Vice President of the United States, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, 2007
Our Conclusion:
Too little, too late, too expensive, and just too dangerous:
Nuclear power is not a suitable answer to climate change and should be removed as an investment option for the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation strategies
To endorse our call, or for more information, contact by email or, where indicated, by mobile, in Poznan:
Sascha Gabizon, Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF), sascha.gabizon@wecf.eu,
+49-172-8637586 (mobile in Poznan)
Claire Greensfelder, International Forum on Globalization (IFG), cgreensfelder@ifg.org,
+1-510-917-5468 (mobile in Poznan)
Thomas Breuer, Greenpeace, Thomas.Breuer@de.greenpeace.org
Peer de Rijk, World Information Service on Energy (WISE) , peerder@gmail.com
Michael Mariotte, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, nirsnet@nirs.org
References:
1 International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 (Paris: IEA, 2008)
2 International Atomic Energy Agency’s PRIS database, http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/index.html
3 New Nuclear Generating Capacity – Potential Credit Implications for U.S. Investor Owned Utilities, Moody’s Corporate Finance, May 2008
4 Nucleonics Week, Platts, 4 September 2008; Detailed briefings and references at http://www.greenpeace.org
5 Platts Nucleonics Week publications; Nuclear Engineering International; http://www.areva.com .
6 See World Nuclear Association, online: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html .
7 Benjamin Sovacool, “Valuing the greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power” (2008) 36 Energy Policy 2940.
8 Spix C et al, Case-control study on childhood cancer in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany 1980- 2003, European Journal of Cancer (December 2007)
9 Joseph Mangano, Janette D. Sherman: Childhood Leukaemia Near Nuclear Installations, European Journal of Cancer Care No 4 Vol 17, July 2008
10 Platts, Nuclear Fuel, 11 August 2008.
11 Guardian, online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/18/nuclearpower.energy .
12 Amory Lovins, The Nuclear Illusion, May 2008.
13 http://www.bangkokpost.com/121008_News/12Oct2008_news08.php
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